{"id":11758,"date":"2022-07-28T15:56:35","date_gmt":"2022-07-28T15:56:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.htmlgoodies.com\/?p=11758"},"modified":"2022-08-01T16:25:02","modified_gmt":"2022-08-01T16:25:02","slug":"javascript-type-coercion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.htmlgoodies.com\/javascript\/javascript-type-coercion\/","title":{"rendered":"Understanding Primitive Type Coercion in JavaScript"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-11732 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.htmlgoodies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/JavaScript-Detect-Elements-300x200.webp\" alt=\"JavaScript Tutorials\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.htmlgoodies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/JavaScript-Detect-Elements-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.htmlgoodies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/JavaScript-Detect-Elements-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.htmlgoodies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/JavaScript-Detect-Elements-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.htmlgoodies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/JavaScript-Detect-Elements-1536x1024.webp 1536w, https:\/\/www.htmlgoodies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/JavaScript-Detect-Elements-2048x1365.webp 2048w, https:\/\/www.htmlgoodies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/JavaScript-Detect-Elements-696x464.webp 696w, https:\/\/www.htmlgoodies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/JavaScript-Detect-Elements-1068x712.webp 1068w, https:\/\/www.htmlgoodies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/JavaScript-Detect-Elements-1920x1280.webp 1920w, https:\/\/www.htmlgoodies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/JavaScript-Detect-Elements-630x420.webp 630w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>All programming languages, including JavaScript (JS), have built-in data types; these include <em>strings<\/em>, <em>numbers<\/em>, <em>Dates<\/em>, <em>Arrays<\/em>, and so forth. What makes JS special is that it is loosely typed. Hence, variables are declared without a type, which allows them to be re-assigned values of a different type at any time. This feature makes the language more dynamic, but also leads to more bugs than probably all other features combined! It is such a problem, in fact, that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.webopedia.com\/definitions\/typescript\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TypeScript<\/a> was created to bring strong typing to the JavaScript language.<\/p>\n<p>Not that JS&#8217;s automatic type coercion is all bad &#8211; it is part of what makes JavaScript one of the easiest programming languages for beginners to learn, and undoubtedly played a substantial role in JS&#8217;s longevity and popularity. For more experienced developers, the path to less frustration is to take some time to learn the ECMAScript Language Specification Standard and become more adept at navigating type coercion&#8217;s many quirks. Consider this web development tutorial as a starting point on that journey, as we cover how JavaScript converts one type into another based on how variables interacts with each other in code.<\/p>\n<p>You can learn more about ECMAScript in our tutorial: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.htmlgoodies.com\/javascript\/asynchronous-programming-in-ecmascript-6\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Asynchronous Programming in ECMAScript<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>What Are JavaScript&#8217;s Primitive Types?<\/h2>\n<p>Before we can talk about type coercion, we should establish what JavaScript&#8217;s types are, since you will not see them when you declare variables. JavaScript has seven primitive types:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>string<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>number<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Boolean<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>undefined<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>null<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Symbol<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>BigInt<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>What all of the above types have in common is that thy are not objects, and, as such, have no methods or properties, unlike say <em>Arrays<\/em> or <em>Dates<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>You may also want to check out our guide to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.htmlgoodies.com\/css\/working-with-css-variables\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Working with CSS Variables<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>How to Verify a Variable&#8217;s Type in JavaScript<\/h3>\n<p>Web developers can get a variable&#8217;s type (at that moment in time), using the <strong><i>typeof<\/i><\/strong> operator:<\/p>\n<pre>console.log(typeof 42);\r\n\/\/ expected output: \"number\"\r\n\r\nconsole.log(typeof 'blubber');\r\n\/\/ expected output: \"string\"\r\n\r\nconsole.log(typeof true);\r\n\/\/ expected output: \"boolean\"\r\n\r\nconsole.log(typeof undeclaredVariable);\r\n\/\/ expected output: \"undefined\"\r\n<\/pre>\n<p><em>Number <\/em>and <em>BigInt<\/em> have a related value <i>NaN<\/i>. Short for &#8220;Not a Number&#8221;, <em>NaN<\/em> is typically encountered when the result of an arithmetic operation cannot be expressed as a number. It is also the only value in JavaScript that is not equal to itself!<\/p>\n<pre>\/\/ outputs NaN\r\nconsole.log(parseInt(\"blabla\")<wbr \/>);\r\n<\/pre>\n<h2>Implicit vs. Explicit Coercion in JavaScript<\/h2>\n<p>Amazingly, all type coercion issues in JavaScript are caused by the <em>string<\/em>, <em>number<\/em>, and <em>boolean<\/em> primitive types (there is no way in JavaScript to coerce a primitive type to object or function)! Implicit type coercion happens when we mix different types within the same operation or series of operations.<\/p>\n<h3>Coercing to Boolean in JavaScript<\/h3>\n<p>The weird thing about <em>booleans<\/em> is that all primitive values also have an inherent <em>boolean<\/em> value, which makes them either &#8220;truthy&#8221; or &#8220;falsy&#8221;. Some of the rules that determine how <em>non-boolean<\/em> values are coerced into <i>true<\/i> or <i>false<\/i> values are not intuitive, so it is worth going over those now.<\/p>\n<p>The following values are always <em>falsy<\/em>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>false<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>0 (zero)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>-0 (minus zero)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>0n (BigInt zero)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>an empty string, e.g. <em>&#8221;, &#8220;&#8221;, &#8220;<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>null<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>undefined<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>NaN<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Everything else is <em>truthy<\/em>. That includes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>a non-empty string, e.g. <em>&#8220;test string&#8221;, &#8216;0&#8217;, &#8216;false&#8217;<\/em><\/li>\n<li>any non-zero number, e.g. <em>1, -1, 2112<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>That is why programmers can test for truthiness in an <em>if<\/em> statement:<\/p>\n<pre>var widget = 'bolt';\r\n\r\n\/\/later in the code\r\nif (widget) {\r\n  \/\/ do something\r\n}\r\n<\/pre>\n<p>As long as the widget variable contains a non-empty string, the <em>if<\/em> block will get executed.<\/p>\n<p>Rather than let JS coerce expressions into a <em>boolean<\/em> result, it is perfectly acceptable to do it yourself using the <strong>Boolean()<\/strong> function:<\/p>\n<pre>var widget = 'bolt';\r\nvar isSoldOut = false;\r\n\r\n\/\/later in the code\r\nif (widget !== '' &amp;&amp; !Boolean(isSoldOut)) {\r\n  \/\/ do something\r\n}\r\n<\/pre>\n<h2>Numeric Coercion in JavaScript<\/h2>\n<p>If you try to compare a variable of a different type to a number, JS will helpfully coerce it to a number, in order to perform an apple to apple comparison. When a type can not be coerced to a number, the returned result is <em>NaN<\/em>. For example, an empty string will be converted to a zero (<em>0<\/em>). Some developers have been critical of this behavior because they do not agree that an empty string should be considered to be a valid number, some have even gone so far as to state that &#8220;empty strings becoming 0 is the root of all coercion evil&#8221; (Kyle Simpson, the creator of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/github.com\/getify\/You-Dont-Know-JS&amp;source=gmail-html&amp;ust=1659455750308000&amp;usg=AOvVaw1UMGv9L4QkEVH1vBa5VF0a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">You Don&#8217;t Know JS<\/a> book series).<\/p>\n<p>Not that implicit type coercion is all bad. It does allow us to do fancy stuff like this:<\/p>\n<pre>\/\/ Adds 1 to the currentIndex if the userId is 99.\r\nvar index = currentIndex + (userId == 99);\r\nvar info = userData[index];\r\n<\/pre>\n<p>Just to be safe, you could make sure that <i>index<\/i> contains a valid number by using the <strong>Number()<\/strong> function:<\/p>\n<pre>\/\/ Adds 1 to the currentIndex if the userId is 99.\r\nvar index = currentIndex + (userId == 99);\r\nif ( !isNaN(Number(index)) ) {\r\n   var info = userData[index];\r\n}\r\n<\/pre>\n<p>Just don&#8217;t use <em>typeof<\/em>, because it will return &#8220;<em>number<\/em>&#8221; even for <em>NaN<\/em>!<\/p>\n<p><strong>Read:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.htmlgoodies.com\/html\/best-online-courses-to-learn-html\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Best Online Courses to Learn HTML<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>JavaScript String Conversion<\/h2>\n<p>Issues with implicit coercion to the <em>string<\/em> type can arise mixing types such as <em>numbers<\/em> and <em>strings<\/em> in the same expression. For example, does <i>10 + &#8220;10&#8221;<\/i> evaluate to the number <em>20<\/em> or the string <em>&#8220;1010&#8221;<\/em>? (It is the latter.) Even if you know the answer, maybe the next developer won&#8217;t, so why take chances?<\/p>\n<pre>var val1 = 10;\r\nvar val2 = \"10\";\r\nvar stringResult = String(val1) + String(val2);\r\nvar numResult = Number(val1) + Number(val2);\r\n<\/pre>\n<h3>Shortcuts to JavaScript String Conversion<\/h3>\n<p>Experienced JavaScript developers often employ <em>Unary<\/em> operators to trigger coercion of a variable into the desired type. For instance, the <em>&#8220;+&#8221;<\/em> operator will cause a variable to be coerced into a <em>number<\/em>. Hence, <i>+val1 + +val2<\/i> is equivalent to the <i>Number(val1) + Number(val2)<\/i> statement that we saw above.<\/p>\n<p>Likewise, the bang <em>&#8220;!&#8221;<\/em> operator will force the coercion of a variable into a <em>boolean<\/em> value. You will often see it used in <em>if<\/em> statements like <i>if (!val1) {<\/i> for <em>truthiness<\/em> and <i>if (!!val1) {<\/i> for <em>falsiness<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>There is no <em>Unary<\/em> operator for <em>strings<\/em>, but some developers force coercion to a <em>string<\/em> by concatenating an empty <em>string<\/em> to a variable as in <i>val1 + &#8221;<\/i>. I&#8217;m personally not a fan and prefer to explicitly convert the variable in question into a <em>string<\/em> using the <strong>String()<\/strong> function:<\/p>\n<pre>var stringVal = String(val1);\r\n<\/pre>\n<h2>Final Thoughts on JavaScript Type Coercion<\/h2>\n<p>JavaScript&#8217;s implicit coercion is a double edged sword. On the one hand, it makes the language easy to pick up by novice coders. On the other, it can lead to untold hardships for more experienced developers who have to deal with all of the bugs it engenders. If you take one thing away from this tutorial, it&#8217;s that you should not rely on implicit coercion to compare primitive type variables and instead explicitly convert them yourself using functions such as <strong>String()<\/strong>, <strong>Number()<\/strong>, and <strong>Boolean()<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Read more <a href=\"https:\/\/www.htmlgoodies.com\/javascript\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JavaScript web development tutorials<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>All programming languages, including JavaScript (JS), have built-in data types; these include strings, numbers, Dates, Arrays, and so forth. What makes JS special is that it is loosely typed. Hence, variables are declared without a type, which allows them to be re-assigned values of a different type at any time. This feature makes the language [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":90,"featured_media":11732,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[30620],"tags":[3385,2544],"b2b_audience":[37],"b2b_industry":[65],"b2b_product":[69,70,71,76,131,68,118,81,82,133,83,84,107,86,30818,93,94,99,114,115,116,85,522,117,80,128,98,135],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v18.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Understanding Primitive Type Coercion in JavaScript | HTML Goodies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about the different ways to perform type conversion and type coercion in this JavaScript web development tutorial.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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